ASTRONOMERS Number 119 Interest Area 2 1998
THE JOB
ASTRONOMERS study objects and phenomena which exist or have their origin in outer space. It is a popular misconception that Astronomers devote their professional lives working late at night, peering intently through telescopes in lonely, cold observatories. In reality, Astronomers generally spend no more than several weeks a year at an observatory or satellite control station. They are more likely at work in comfortable offices, laboratories, or research facilities. The modern Astronomer uses research data to calculate the composition of galaxies, quasars, stars, and planets and to measure radio, infrared, gamma, and X-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources. Because so much of an Astronomer's activities involve an examination and analysis of physical phenomenon, some modern astronomy is sometimes referred to as Astrophysics.
Unlike most other scientists, Astronomers usually cannot experiment with, physically handle, or make changes to the things they study. They gather information through observations. They look for consistent patterns in the information they gather and develop and test theories using mathematical applications. Information obtained from other scientists and observers is often necessary to compliment their own research. They report their findings to the scientific community through professional journals.
Astronomers fall into two general categories: Theorists and Observers. Together, the findings of both groups bring about advances in this field. Observational Astronomers study the stars and galaxies using equipment such as radio, optical, and X-ray telescopes, spectrographs, and satellite-mounted television cameras with computer-controlled image intensifiers. Although Astronomers may use all of these tools, most specialize in one aspect of study using one set of instruments.
Theoretical Astronomers work on developing theories from observations they make themselves or from those made by other Astronomers. They develop mathematical equations derived from the laws of physics, and apply these equations to observations. They may calculate the composition of stars, galaxies, planets and formulate ideas on how they developed and how they will die. Theoretical Astronomers rely heavily on computers to solve intricate equations.
In addition to these basic activities, Astronomers perform a wide range of other duties. They may teach, program computers, build scientific instruments, and develop and write scientific reports to make their work available for use by other scientists.
WORKING CONDITIONS
According to the American Astronomical Society, approximately 55% of the professional Astronomers work in colleges, universities, or in observatories affiliated with them. About one third work in federally-funded programs such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the U. S. Naval Observatory, and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. About ten percent work in the private sector, in such industries as aerospace and consulting. The remainder work in such places as planetariums and scientific museums .
Astronomers spend most of their time in well-equipped offices, analyzing the results of their observations. They occasionally travel to remote observational sites. They may work long hours obtaining and analyzing their data. Some aspects of their work can take months or even years to complete. They are increasingly getting involved in administrative tasks, such as writing grant proposals, as competition intensifies.
There are several important observation stations in California, including Mt. Hamilton, Palomar Mountain, Mt. Wilson, and the Owens Valley and Hat Creek radio facilities. NASA has two important facilities in California: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena and the Ames Research Center at Moffett Field. However, since astronomy is a relatively small occupation in California, new Astronomers must seriously consider the possibility of relocating.
EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK
The following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information Division. These figures represent the broad occupational group of Physicists and Astronomers.
Estimated number of workers in 1993 1,110 Estimated number of workers by 2005 970 Projected Growth 1993-2005 -13% Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 360
(These figures do not include self-employment or openings due to turnover.)
Astronomers are members of a small occupational fraternity; there are only about 6,000 astronomers in the United States. About 150 job opportunities arise each year, and the number of Ph.D's awarded closely match that number. This means that the job market is very competitive.
Prospects are best for students who graduate with a doctorate. Some Astronomers work for private industry in the defense sector. Some teach in elementary, middle or high schools.
WAGES, HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITS
Astronomers do not have a standard workweek or workday. Their hours vary with their teaching load, research projects, consulting commitments, and public speaking assignments. University Professors must plan and conduct classes and still carry out their research. They may put in many hours on research, yet also find the time to write their conclusions or theories for publication.
Earnings for Astronomers vary according to their employer, education, and experience. Astronomers who have a Ph.D. and are federally employed start at the GS-11 level, $34,981 to $45,475 and advance to GS-15 level, $69,300 to $90,090 per year. The salary for a Professor of Astronomy at a four year college or university ranges from $30,000 to over $100,000 per year. Professors often supplement their incomes by writing, consulting, or doing research projects.
Fringe benefits usually include paid holidays, vacations, health and dental insurance, and a retirement plan.
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING
Most astronomy positions require a Ph.D. Prospects for Astronomers without an advanced degree are poor; opportunities are generally limited to community college or high school teaching positions, or technician jobs. An individual with an M.S. in astronomy may find a teaching position in a planetarium or in a community college teaching astronomy and other physical sciences. Most teaching and research positions in government, universities, and industries require a Ph.D. in astronomy. The American Astronomical Association reports that only candidates with a degree from a quality university program, a passion for astronomy, and a high level of ability are likely to find a permanent position. In addition to the educational background, universities and government agencies look for creative research projects undertaken by applicants, an ability to write and speak English, and a curiosity about natural phenomena. A working knowledge of one or more foreign languages, especially German, Russian, Chinese, or French, is also helpful.
ADVANCEMENT
Astronomers with a Ph.D. can promote by moving into upper level positions in research and teaching. Many Astronomers consider being recognized as an expert in the field the ultimate form of advancement. This recognition is usually obtained after investing many years on research projects and having the results published in scientific journals.
Graduates who possess only a bachelor's or master's degree will have few opportunities for advancement in this occupation. They can, however, move into related fields, such as engineering or secondary school teaching, which will tend to offer them better chances to advance.
FINDING THE JOB
The American Astronomical Society accepts advertisements from employers looking for Astronomers and maintains a register of members seeking positions. Meetings of the American Astronomical Society and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific are excellent places to make job contacts. Professors and researchers also frequently know of job openings. These personal contacts are often the best sources of leads.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
American Astronomical Society 2000 Florida Ave NW Suite 400 Washington D.C. 20009 (202) 328-2010 www.aas.org
Astronomical Society of the Pacific 390 Ashton Avenue San Francisco, CA 94112 (415) 337-1100 www.aspsky.org
RELATED OCCUPATIONAL GUIDES
Physicists No. 62 Mathematicians No. 66 Meteorologists No. 200
OCCUPATIONAL CODE REFERENCES
DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 4th Ed., 1991) Astronomer (profess. & kin.) 021.067-010
OES (Occupational Employment Statistics)System Physicists and Astronomers 241020
Source: State of California, Employment Development Department,
Labor Market Information Division, Information Services Group,
(916) 262-2162.
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